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The suns were the ten children of Di Jun, the god of the eastern sky. Each morning one of the suns would rise, climb into a chariot pulled by a dragon, and ride across the sky bringing light to the different parts of the world. In this way the earth got the right amount of sunshine, at the different seasons of the year. But the ten suns grew bored. They wanted to work together and, one day, they woke early and rode across the sky together in their chariots. The Earth hated it. It burnt. It cracked. The rivers ran dry. Animals and people grew weak with the heat. But the ten suns were enjoying themselves and would not listen to those who asked them to stop. They laughed and carried on riding around the sky. Eskimo "Snow" Words This page URL: http://www.nationalfinder.com/inuit/index.htm Compiled by Roger Harris © 1998-2004 E-mail: inuit@nationalfinder.com Updated: 14 November 2004 Inuit and "snow words" Date: 1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Much has been written about the large number of Inuit words for snow. I have read similar claims for Arabic and sand. I am neither an Inuit speaker nor a trained linguist. I am a computer programmer by trade. A year or so ago I wanted to extract sub-strings from words. For example, 'word' yields [w,o,r,d,wo,or,rd,wor,ord]. Co-incidentally, on the Internet, in the sci.lang newsgroup, in September 1994 there had been a discussion about Eskimo "snow" words. Then by chance, in a second-hand book shop I found a copy of "Eskimo Stories" by Zebedee Nungak and Eugene Arima, published by The National Museums of Canada in 1969. It is a collection of some 46 short stories from Inuit folklore, derived from the town of Povungnituk on the east coast of Hudson Bay. The stories are presented as parallel texts with the Inuit text being accompanied by an English translation, both in Latin letters, but with the Inuit text in lower-case letters and the English translation in mixed upper-case and lower-case letters. Using Wordstar ver.4, I typed in five stories using the Inuit version of each story. The resulting text amounted to 516 Inuit words. Then, using Wordstar's indexing facility, I extracted a list of all the words in the stories together with an indication of the frequency of occurrence for each word. The following table gives a summary of the results. cumulative Frequency of number percent percent occurrence of words of total of total 1 479 92.8 92.8 2 24 4.7 97.5 3 6 1.2 98.7 4 1 0.2 98.9 5 1 0.2 99.1 6 2 0.4 99.5 7 1 0.2 99.7 8 1 0.2 99.9 9 1 0.2 100.1 ----- ------ ------ ------ 516 100.1 (slight error due to rounding) ------ ------ The average word length was 14.8 characters. Inuit is an agglutinative language; words are made up of stems and roots joined together into what appear to be single words. Each Inuit word appears to function as a phrase or short sentence. While I have not investigated Inuit snow words as such, the results in the table above suggested to me that Inuit has a different word for almost everything. Nearly 93% of the words in the stories were only used once and words which occurred no more than twice accounted for 97.5% of the text! An Inuit word appears to contain far more information than an English word. Perhaps the final word (no pun intended) on Eskimo snow words will come from a specialist in information theory. References: ----------- You will find "snow" references in The Linguist List 5.1246, 5.1252, 5.1244, 5.1259. The best contribution in the debate on "Eskimo snow words" was that of Keith Denning who had not only looked in an Inuit dictionary but was able to report and explain in good prose. At http://www.urbanlegends.com/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html you will find a detailed discussion of Inuit 'snow words' by Stuart Derby (sderby@crick.ssctr.bcm.tmc.edu), 1994. The author lists, with translations, 'snow words' from Labradoran Inuit (10 words) and from West Greenlandic (49 words). A downloadable TrueType font for Inuit/Inuktitut (Mac and Windows formats) may be found at the University of Oregon Yamada Language Centre: http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/fonts/inuit.html. The zipped files include a commentary by K. Srinivasan (srini@ireq-num.hydro.qc.ca dated 1 August 1993. Inuit dictionaries and lists of words: http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm?submit=Inupiaq+On-line+Dictionary http://www.inuitdog.de/inhalte/store/texte/dictionary.html http://tafkac.org/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html ------------------------------------------------------------------ Here is an alphabetical list of all the sub-strings in the Inuit word "unikkaatuat" (Eskimo stories): a i ka kkaatu nikkaatu un aa ik kaa kkaatua nikkaatua uni aat ikk kaat kkaatuat nikkaatuat unik aatu ikka kaatu n t unikk aatua ikkaa kaatua ni tu unikka aatuat ikkaat kaatuat nik tua unikkaa at ikkaatu kk nikk tuat unikkaat atu ikkaatua kka nikka u unikkaatu atua ikkaatuat kkaa nikkaa ua unikkaatua atuat k kkaat nikkaat uat unikkaatuat -------------------------------------------------------------- Here is the list of words derived from the five Eskimo stories. Aggaminik Ailirngniquq Aippanga Aiviup Akianuuqpuq Akiasiliqquq Akillinut Akuni Akunialuk Alakkatumik Alimaivuq Alittuqattaliqquuk Amaaqtaminik Amaatsianiqsaulirngmat Amutuinnasugu Anaqraalumminut Angiluaqtumik Anginiqsait Anginiqsanik Angiyumik Angummik Angutipaaluuyurinnimaguuq Angutyuamik Anguyauvilirami Anigami Anigialirngniquq Anilirngniquq Aniluni Aniqsailangaaliqquq Aniqsailingaaqsuni Anirngniqangimat Anirngniqanituuyaqtumik Anirngniqarasuarani Anirngniqarngmangaat Anirngniqatyangittukanna Anirngnisiuqattasuni Anitsiarisitsugu Anivingiqqauyanganut Anngutivallialirngniquq Anqrasilirngniquq Anurilirngmat Apaagik Aqaquyayuq Aqqusiniqaalutsasutik Aqsauyayumik Aqsauyayuq Aqsauyayurli Aqsauyayuup Aqsurulirngmata Aqsurungiumik Aqsuruqattamat Aqsuruqattatuq Aqsururanitaatsutuna Aqsururngnisautsuni Arngaaluq Arngasiagummat Arngautuinnamut Arngnaalu Arngnaalunga Arngnaalunganik Arngnaaluq Arngnaapiguna Arngnaapimmik Arngnaruna Asianut Asuila Asuilaa Ataani Ataataak Atiginga Atilik Atiqargnimiyuq Atsualuk Atsunaamut Atyiqaliqquq Ikaaqtait Ikingitigut Ilaanit Illiminut Illulik Illumita Illunganut Illungataguuq Illuqaqpatuviniit Illuqarngniramik Iluani Iluunnaani Imaaguug Imaak Imiliqquq Imiqsugu Imisivuq Immaqaa Immaqaataga Immiuyiluaqsunili Imuk Inuguuq Inuit Inuk Inullu Inummik Inummit Inummut Inunnguaq Inunnik Inunnut Inuppalu Inuppamik Inuppaq Inuqarngniuyatyangimali Inuqqap Inutsiutuq Inutuinnamit Inutuusugumataguuq Inuugaluaqsutik Inuummiyugaluarngnilli Inuuqatiminut Inuusirinnisaummangaat Inuusirngminiuqquutuq Inuutsutik Inuuvivinigalagik Ipilirngniramiguuq Iqaluggilaq Iqalut Iqaluuyaliqquq Iqaluuyaqquq Iqravimminik Iqsinaqtunik Iqsinaqtuq Iqsinaqtuugami Iqsinarami Iqsinarngmata Isiriaqtumut Isuagut Isumaliqquq Isumalirami Isumataaqpuq Itikallatuinnaquq Itiqsigiaqturumaliqquq Itiqsilirngniquq Itiqsimalirami Itiqsivinga Itiqsugu Iyimi Kaagami Kamangunnaiquk Kataalungaguuq Katammiitumik Katammiqataminik Katanganiitsuni Katanganut Katattailitsisuni Kinguningagut Kinguningani Kisiani Kiuliqquq Kiuqattarunnaimat Kiuyauliqquq Kukkiliqtutuq Kuuliqquq Laqattaliqtuviniq Layauqqattalirami Maqaittunik Maqsisuuviniq Mirnguturami Naalaliqquq Naammanaagaqsuni Naanga Naangmigut Nakunaariniquq Nallapuq Nallia Nalulirami Nammagumatsuga Nammasugu Nammataulirami Nammatautsuni Nammiuliqqaa Namunganiarngniminik Namutuinnaq Nanuraak Nanurngmiguuq Nappasugu Naqittulirngmat Niaquanganik Nipakkaivammat Nipakkaivannimata Nipakkaivattuq Nirumiarluni Nirutuuguningani Nittayummarialuuk Nuiliq Nuilirlu Nuitavuq Nukingit Nukiqangilaq Nulianga Nunamit Nunaup Nunguliruq Nunguutsigasuaqsuni Nuqiqattaliqquq Nuqiqattamat Nuqqakami Nuqqaliqquq Nuqqaliramik Nuqqasutik Paaliramik Paaliutyigumaliqquq Paaqattasutillu Paaqqaaliutyilauqtuviniq Paqqaaniquq Piaraalungik Pigiarngniquuk Piiqsilirami Piiriallanaguli Pikiaqattamata Piliramik Pinasuagauvalirngnimiyuq Pinasuagauyuviniq Pinasuaqvinigik Pinasuutinirngmanik Pinngisiqtusuni Piqraitillugu Pisusigami Pisusigivuq Pisutsuni Pitiqattautilauqtuviniik Pitisimayiminik Pititsiqarami Pityutigitsugutsainaq Piulinagaqtaqaqsunilu Piuluarngmat Piyariigmat Piyariiramik Piyunnamangaat Qaaqsuni Qaarami Qaiqtumi Qaiqtumik Qaningitumik Qaningitumiuna Qanittumi Qanuinniamangaat Qanukiaq Qanurlimannaa Qaqqaalummut Qaqyuminik Qaqyumununa Qarligik Qauyimalirami Qauyimangitunut Qayangminik Qayaup Qiituq Qiiturlu Qikaliqquq Qikatuinnalirngniquq Qimaaliqquq Qiningisiqtusuni Qininrami Qiniqattarami Qiniqturuna Qinisilirngniquq Qinisivuq Qitiqsiminut Qitiqsimiqattasutillu Qitiqsinga Qitiqsinganit Qitungaalumminut Qiviaqattarami Qiyuttarialirngniquq Qiyuttarutaugiamik Qiyuttarutigitsugu Quanguyaaqtuq Quanguyaarasuaqsuni Quanguyaarasuaqtuq Qupigayaqpuq Saakiluusi Saakiluusimik Saakittuugami Saakittuumat Sakkuqattasugit Sakkusimatt Sanasimangimat Sanasimayayuq Saniani Sanimini Sauminganilluunniit Sayulirngniquq Sikkiliqtilugu Sikkituinnaliqquq Siniliqtuq Sinisilirngniquq Siqiniq Siqiniup Sirlaapik Siuriaqpuq Sivullipaami Sivulliviniit Sugiaq Sukkattumik Suli Suliyuq Sunatuinnamut Sunaupva Sunautsagunnainiqquq Sunautsarunnairami Sunngilak Suqqaqangituq Suqqayangituq Suqquisigasuaqsuni Suunguniqsausarayangimangaat Suunguyuviniruna Taana Taanna Taannatauq Taatsuminga Taga Tagali Tagataga Taikunga Taimaak Taimaataga Taimailuurluni Taimainnimaniik Taimaippamat Taimangat Tainna Tainnaliaqsauyayuq Taitsuminga Takulaurani Takuliqquq Takulirami Takuliramiuk Takulirngniquq Takungilaq Takunnaapigasuaqattaliqquq Takunnaavallutut Takuqattatuq Takuvukinuppamik Tamaani Tappaunga Taqagayaqtuq Taqaiqsiqattatuq Taqaliqtuq Taqqamani Taqqilimaami Tatsigunnaimat Tatsikamiuk Tatsilikkaivuq Tatsilirngmat Tatsinga Tatsisungusilirngniquq Tatsitualuuliqquq Tauqsiitatuinnasutik Tiguliqqa Tiguliqqaa Tigumiaqsuni Tigusigasualirngniquq Tigusiqattaliqquq Tigusiqattalunga Tikiliqquq Tikilirngmat Tikimmat Tikinayarngmangarngmik Tikiutinniyangituq Tikiutiyuviniugaluaq Tikiutyiyuviniq Tiqqiaqaqsuni Tittaulirngniquq Tulliraaqtuq Tuniq Tunirli Tunirngmut Tuniugamik Tuniup Tuniusutik Tupviuvuq Tuqungagami Tuqungayuq Tuqungualunga Tuqunguapuq Tuquraivannimata Tuqutaulangaliqqunga Tuqutsigiaqtusuni Tuqutuinnaniarngmisuni Tuqutuinnaniquq Tusaumagami Tusaumanaqquq Tuuniik Tuurnngait Tuurnngaq Tuurnngauniraivannimata Tuurnngauniraqtauyut Uatimut Uipuuk Ulimailirngniquq Ulimallugu Ulimaummik Ulimautialunganik Ullaaruqtasutik Ullasilirngniquq Ullutamaat Umigiutityagatik Unammigiliqqaa Unammigiyaminik Unammigiyaulilaurngmiyuq Unamminangimat Unikkaaguvuq Unikkaangittara Unikkaatuaq Unniinuna Uppikakasaaqattaturuuq Uppikakasaaqattuq Uqaliqpuuk Uqaliquq Uqausiqtanga Uqautiyaugaluarami Uqautiyauvuq Uqautyiqattatuviniq Uqpinik Uqpitiguuqattatuq Uqpitiguuqattatuuquqpinik Uqrukasatsuni Utaqqigiaqtusuni Utaqqiliqquq Utiqqaungillaq Utirunnnatuq Utirutyisituinnaliqquli Utirutyisivuq Uulli Uumayumik Uumigiutityagatik Uutulirngniriuuk Uutuniarngmat Uutuquyiliqquq Uutusigivuq Uutuutituinnasutik Uutuutivannimata -----------------------------------------------------------< Even their father, Di Jun, had no influence over them. To save the world he sent for the Divine Archer and gave him a magic bow ... The Archer flew on the wind, down to the highest mountain he could see. He had nine arrows in his quiver and, one by one, he shot an arrow at each of the suns. As each arrow struck, the sun exploded and turned into a bird. By the end of the day, only one sun remained. Next day he rose again and his sad tears filled the rivers and made the plants grow again. And that is the sun we see today. <---------> Earthmaker began to think about what he should do and in the end he began to cry, tears flowing from his eyes and falling down to where they became bright objects, seas formed from his tears. Earthmaker thought, 'Anything I wish will happen just as I wish it'. He wished for light - it happened. He wished for earth and earth was formed. Speaking for the first time, he said 'I shall make a being like myself' and he took some earth and made it just like himself. He spoke to the creature, but it gave no answer. He looked closely, saw it had no mind and made a mind for it. But when he spoke to it, still it did not answer. He made it a tongue and spoke to it, but still it did not answer. He saw it had no soul, so he made it a soul, and talked to it ... and it very nearly said something, but failed to make itself understood. So Earthmaker breathed into its mouth and spoke to it ... and it answered. <------> When the earth was new-born, it was plain and without any features or life. Waking time and sleeping time were the same. There were only hollows on the surface of the Earth which, one day, would become waterholes. Around the waterholes were the ingredients of life. Underneath the crust of the earth were the stars and the sky, the sun and the moon, as well as all the forms of life, all sleeping. The tiniest details of life were present yet dormant: the head feathers of a cockatoo, the thump of a kangaroo's tail, the gleam of an insect's wing. A time came when time itself split apart, and sleeping time separated from waking time. This moment was called the Dreamtime. At this moment everything started to burst into life. The sun rose through the surface of the Earth and shone warm rays onto the hollows which became waterholes. Under each waterhole lay an Ancestor, an ancient man or woman who had been asleep through the ages. The sun filled the bodies of each Ancestor with light and life, and the Ancestors began to give birth to children. Their children were all the living things of the world, from the tiniest grub wriggling on a eucalyptus leaf to the broadest-singed eagle soaring in the blue sky. Rising from the waterholes, the Ancestors stood up with mud falling from their bodies. As the mud slipped away, the sun opened their eyelids and they saw the creatures they had made from their own bodies. Each Ancestor gazed at his creation in pride and wonderment. Each Ancestor sang out with joy: "I am!". One Ancestor sang "I am kangaroo!" Another sang "I am Cockatoo!" The next sang "I am Honey-Ant!" and the next sang "I am Lizard!" As they sang, naming their own creations, they began to walk. Their footsteps and their music became one, calling all living things into being and weaving them into life with song. The ancestors sang their way all around the world. They sang the rivers to the valleys and the sand into dunes, the trees into leaf and the mountains to rise above the plain. As they walked they left a trail of music. Then they were exhausted. They had shown all living things how to live, and they returned into the Earth itself to sleep. And, in honour of their Ancestors, the Aborigines still go Walkabout, retracing the steps and singing the songs that tell the story of life. <----------> At the beginning of the world there were giants. They lived on the land and ate the fruits of the land. One year, as the days began to get shorter and colder, a baby girl was born to two of the giants. They named her Sedna. Day by day, as the sun became weaker and smaller, Sedna grew stronger and bigger. She grew and grew very quickly until, in no time at all, she was huge. Soon she was bigger than her giant parents. The bigger she got the more she ate and the more she needed to eat, but there were not enough plants on the land to satisfy her hunger. One night, ravenously hungry, she began to gnaw her parents legs. ‘Owww!’ they cried, ‘that's enough of that.’ With a great struggle they bundled Sedna up in a blanket and carried her to their canoe. It was dark but they paddled out to sea in the light of a hazy moon. When they reached the middle of the ocean, they pushed Sedna overboard into the icy waters. And that, they thought, was that. They started to paddle back towards the land, shivering for the cold and also for shame at what they had done to their own daughter. Yet before they had gone far, the canoe stopped - no matter how fast they paddled, the canoe would not move forward. To their horror they saw two hands, Sedna's hands, reaching out of the water to grip the canoe and then to rock it from side to side. The giants felt the boat shaking. Soon they would be tossed into the ocean they would surely drown, unless they did something quickly. Simply to save themselves, they pulled out sharp knives and chopped off Sedna's fingers. One by one the fingers splashed into the sea and, as they sank, they changed into swimming creatures. One became a whale, one a seal, another a walrus, another a salmon. The fingers changed into all the creatures of the seas. As for Sedna, she drifted through new shoals of fish to the bottom off the ocean. There the fishes built her an underwater tent. Above her, the cold waters formed a crust of ice and sealed Sedna in her wintry, watery world. She still lives there, and whenever the Inuit are short of food, they call on Sedna and she provides it, even in the depths of winter.<------> Rasta/Patois Dictionary. A : prep. to as in "go a shop," from Spanish (7) A GO : aux w/v. going to do, as in "Me a go tell him" (7) A DOOR : outdoors. (5) ACCOMPONG : n. name of Maroon warrior, Capt. Accompong, brother of Cudjo; also name of town. From the Twi name for the supreme deity (7) ACKEE : n. African food tree introduced about 1778. From Twi ankye or Kru akee (7) AGONY : the sensations felt during sex (6) AKS : ask (28) ALIAS : adj. (urban slang) dangerous, violent (7) AMSHOUSE : poorhouse (29) AN : than (5) ARMAGEDDON : the biblical final battle between the forces of good and evil (1) ASHAM : n. Parched, sweetened, and ground corn. From twi osiam (7) BABYLON : 1. the corrupt establishment, the "system, " Church and State 2. the police, a policeman (1) BAD : good, great (2) BAD BWAI : (bad boy) 1. refering to a bold man; a compliment 2. : One who has committed a crime. : (rude bwai, ruddy, baddy) (31) BADNESS : hooligan behavior, violence for its own sake (1) BAFAN : clumsy; awkward (5) BAFANG : a child who did not learn to walk the 1st 2-7 years. (5) BAG-O-WIRE : a betrayer (1) BAGGY : underpants for a woman or child. (5) BALMYARD : n. place where pocpmania rites are held, healing is done, spells cast or lifted (7) BAKRA : white slavemaster, or member of the ruling class in colonial days. Popular etymology: "back raw" (which he bestowed with a whip.) (5) BALD-HEAD : a straight person; one without dreadlocks; one who works for babylon (2) BAMBA YAY : by and by (7) BAMBU : rolling paper (1) BAMMY : a pancake made out of cassava, after it has been grated and squeezed to remove the bitter juice. (5) BANDULU : bandit, criminal, one living by guile (1) a BANDULU BIZNESS is a racket, a swindle. (5) BANGARANG : hubbub, uproar, disorder, disturbance. (5) BANKRA : a big basket, including the type which hangs over the sides of a donkey. (5) BANS : from bands; a whole lot, a great deal, nuff, whole heap. (5) BANTON : a storyteller (50) BASHMENT : party, dance, session (3) BAT : butterfly or moth. English bat, the flying rodent, is a rat-bat. (5) BATTY : bottom; backside; anus. (5) BATTYBWOY : a gay person (6) BEAST : a policeman (1) BEENIE : little (36) BEX : vex (verb), or vexed (adjective). (5) BHUTTU (BUHTUH) : an uncouth, out of fashion, uncultured person Use: Wey yu a go inna dem deh cloze? Yu fayva buttu (12) BIG BOUT YAH : Large and in charge. Superlative indicating status (power, fame, money, talent, etc) within some social group (12) BISCUIT : a particularly attractive woman (46) BISSY : cola nut. (5) BOOPS/BOOPSIE : Boops is a man, often older, who supports a young woman; boopsie refers to a kept woman (46) BLACK UP : To smoke weed. Like somene would ask "You Black up : today?" Meaning did you smoke today? (14) BLACKHEART MAN : a rascal, a hooligan (38) BLOUSE AND SKIRT : common exclamation of surprise. (29) BLY : chance, "must get a bly", "must get a chance". (4) BOASIE : adj. proud, conceited, ostentatious. Combination of English boastful and Yoruba bosi-proud and ostentatious (7) BOASIN TONE : Swollen penis or testicles (13) BOBO : fool. (5) BOBO DREAD : a rastafarian sect based on the teachings of Prince Emanuel Edwards distinguished by turbin-like headdresses, flowing white robes and communal living (50) BODERATION : Boderation comes from the word bother and that's basically what it means. If something is a boderation then it's a bother. (29) BONG BELLY PICKNEY : a greedy child who ate too much. (29) BOONOONOONOUS : Meaning wonderful. (13) BOX : To smack or to hit in the face. (13) BRAA : from BREDDA; brother. (5) BRAATA : a little extra; like the 13th cookie in a baker's dozen; or an extra helping of food. In musical shows it has come to be the encore. (5) BREDREN : one's fellow male Rastas (1) BRINDLE : to be angry (6) BRINKS : title given to a man who is supplying a woman with money (6) BUBU : fool. (5) BUCKY : home-made gun (2) slave (29) BUCKY MASSA : master over the slaves (29) BUD : bird. (14) BUFU-BUFU : fat, swollen, blubbery; too big; clumsy or lumbering.(5) BUGUYAGA : a sloppy, dirty person, like a bum or tramp. (5) BULL BUCKA : a bully (1) BULLA : a comon sugar and flour cookie or small round cake, sold everywhere in Jamaica. (5) BUMBA CLOT, (TO GET) BUN : to have one's spouse or girl/boy-friend cheat on oneself, to be cheated out of something (6) RAS CLOT, BLOOD CLOT : curse words (1) BUCK UP : meet (28) BUMBO : bottom; backside. A common curse word, especially in combination with CLOT (cloth), a reference to the days before toilet paper. (5) BUN : burn (29) BUNGO : n. racially pejorative. Crude, black, ignorant, boorish person. From Hausa bunga-bumpkin, nincompoop (7) BUNKS : to knock or bump against, from "to bounce", BUNKS MI RES, catch my rest, take a nap. (5) BWOY : Boy (13) (THE) CAT : a woman's genitals (6) CALLALOU : A spinach stew. (18) CARD : to fool someone (6) CEASE & SEKKLE! : stop everything and relax! (6) CEPES : (n.) - beard (35) CERACE : a ubiquitous vine used for boiling medicinal tea, and for bathing. It is proverbial for its bitterness.(5) CHA! or CHO! : a disdainful expletive (1) pshaw! (2) very common, mild explanation expressing impatience, vexation or disappointment. (5) CHAKA-CHAKA : messy, disorderly, untidy. (5) CHALICE or CHILLUM : a pipe for smoking herb, usually made from coconut shell or CHALEWA : and tubing, used ritually by Rastas (1) CHANT : (v.) - to sing, especially cultural or spiritual songs (35) CHEAP : just as cheap, just as well. (5) CHI CHI MAN : a gay man (6) CHIMMY : chamber pot. (5) CHO : very common, mild explanation expressing impatience, vexation or disappointment. (5) CLAP : hit, break, stride (1) CLOT : 1. cloth, an essential part of most Jamaican bad words, such as bumbo clot, rass clot, blood clot, etc. The essence of Jamaican cursing seems to be nastiness , rather than the blashemy or sexuality which is characteristic of the metropolitan countries. 2. to hit or strike - from the verb "to clout". (5) 3. literally means a used tampon (31) COCO : a potato-like edible root, known elsewhere as the taro or the eddo. It was brought to Jamaica from the South Pacific. This is completely distinct from cocoa, usually called chocolate. (5) COIL : money (6) COLD I UP : humiliate or be-little (29) COME DUNG : come down, get ready (as to prepare to play a tune) (6) COME EEN LIKE : to seem as if; to resemble. (5) CONTROL : to be in charge of, responsible for, to own; to take (1) COO 'PON : v. (origin unclear) Look upon! (7) COO YAH : v. (origin unclear) Look here! (7) pay attention (17) COOL RUNNINGS : usually used at a time of departure on a long journey meaning have a safe trip (31) COOLIE : the traditional Jamaican epithet for East Indians. It is never used It is never used for Chinese Jamaicans. Usually in the form coolie-man or coolie-oman. It is not considered polite today anymore than the term nega, but it is still used widely in rural areas. (5) COLLIE : n. (urban slang) ganja (7) COME YAH (cumyu) : come here. (17) CORK UP : jammed, filled, crowded (2) CORN : 1. marijuana 2. money 3. a bullet (1) COTCH : verb (cotch up), to support something else, as with a forked stick; to balance something or place it temporarily; to beg someone a cotch, can be a place on a crowded bus seat or bench; or it may mean to cotch a while, to stay somewhere temporarily. (5) COTTA : a roll of cloth or vegetation placed on top of the head to cushion the skull from the weight of a head load. (5) CRAB : aside from it's usual meaning, it is a verb meaning to scratch or claw. (5) CRAVEN : greedy (5) CRAVEN CHOKE PUPPY : someone who wants everything but when they get it , they can't manage it. CREATION STEPPER : means you step it in and throughout Babylon without fear - cuttin' edge, livin' on the edge, fear no foe. Lookin justice in the eye and saying, What are you doin ?"!! (29) CRIS : crisp; popularly used for anything brand-new, slick-looking. (5) CRISSARS : crisp, brand-new (2) CROMANTY : adj. from Corromantee, Blacks from the Gold Coast believed to be rebellious (7) CROCUS BAG : a very large sack made of coarse cloth, like burlap (10) CROSSES : problems, vexations, trials; bad luck, misfortunes. (5) CRUCIAL : serious, great, "hard,", "dread" (1) CU : verb, look! (5) CU DEH! : look there! (5) CU PAN : look at. (5) CU YA! : look here! (5) CU YU : To say "Look at you." To the person you are refering to. (14) CUBBITCH : covetous. (5) CUDJO : n. name of famous Maroon warrior; mn born on Monday, from Fante, Twi kudwo (7) CULTURE : reflecting or pertaining to the roots values and traditions highly respected by the Rastas (1) CUSS-CUSS : a quarrel or fracas, with lots of cursing. (5) CUT YAI : to cut your eye at somebody is a very common means of expressing scorn or contempt, for example; one catches the other person's eye, then deliberatly turns one's own eyes as an insult. (5) You can also cut your eye at somebody in a friendly way. (29) CUTCHIE : pipe for communal smoking. (5) CYA : 1. to care; "donkya", don't care, careless; "no kya" means no matter, as in "no kya weh im tun", no matter where he turns. 2. to carry. (5) CYAAN : can't. (5) CYAI : to carry. (5) CYAN : can. (5) D.J. : a person who sings or scats along with dub music, sometimes called "toasting" (2) DAAL : split peas, usually a thick soup, from Indian cuisine, from Hindi. (5) DADA : father (6) DALLY : executive zig-zag movements on wheels (2) or on foot (6) to ride a bicycle or motorbike with a weaving motion, as when ones weaves around potholes. (5) DAN DADA : the highest of DON'S (6) DAN : than (5) DARKERS : sunglasses (6) DASHEEN : a big soft yam-like root, often slightly greyish when cooked. It is related to the coco, but one eats the "head" instead of the tubers. (5) DAWTA : a girl, woman, "sister," girlfriend (1) DEAD HOOD : (the H is silent) = A man that can't perform sexually. Impotent. (14)(29) DEADERS : meat, meat by-products (1) DEESTANT : decent. (5) DEGE or DEGE-DEGE : adjective, little, skimpy, measly, only, as in a two dege-dege banana. (5) DEH : there (place) (6) DEY : v. to be, exist, as in "No yam no dey". From Ewe de or Twi de - to be (7) DEY 'PON : (aux. v.) - to be engaged in action or continuing activity (35) literally "there upon" As in "it dey pon de table". (29) DI : the (6) DILDO MACCA : dangerous macca or thorn that will bore you up (29) DINKI : a kind of traditional dance at funerals or "nine nights" ("set-ups"); now popular among school children. (5) DIS or DIS YA : this (6) DJEW : as a verb, rain a djew; as a noun, djew rain. It means a light rain or drizzle. (5) DOGHEART : a person who is especially cold and cruel (6) DOLLY : executive zig-zag movements on wheels (2) DON : one who is respected, master of a situation (6) DONKYA : from "don't care"; careless, sloppy, lacking ambition, etc. (5) DOONDOOS : an albino. (5) DOWNPRESSOR : preferred term for oppressor (1) DOTI : "Dutty" means dirty, dirt or earth (19)(29) (TO) DRAW CARD : the act of fooling someone (6) DREAD : 1. a person with dreadlocks 2. a serious idea or thing 3. a dangerous situation or person 4. the "dreadful power of the holy" 5. experientially, "awesome, fearful confrontation of a people with a primordial but historically denied racial selfhood" (1) DREADLOCKS : 1. hair that is neither combed nor cut 2. a person with dreadlocks (1) DREADY : a friendly term for a fellow dread (1) DUB : a roots electronic music, created by skillful, artistic re-engineering of recorded tracks (2) DUB PLATE : A pre-release copy of a record, often produced exclusively for a specific sound system (see "sound system"). (46) DUCK-ANTS : white ants, or termites. (5) DUKUNU : sweet corn-meal dumplings boiled in wrapped leaves. (5) DUNDUS : an albino. (5) DUNGLE : n. legendary West Kingston slum surrounding a garbage dump, now cleared. (7) : From English dunghill DUNS,DUNSA : money (1) DUPPY : a ghost (1) DUTCHY : dutch cooking pot, low round-bottomed heavy pot. (5) DUTTY : dirty (17) EASE-UP : to forgive, to lighten up (6) EVERYTING COOK & CURRY : all is well, all is taken care of (6) FALLA FASHIN : Copycat (13) FAS' : to be fast with, meaning to be rude, impertinent, to meddle with sombody's business, to be forward, etc. (5) FASSY : eczema-like scratchy sores on the skin; also a verb meaning to cause oneself to be covered with fassy by scratching. (5) FAASTI (FIESTY) : impertinent, rude, impudent (35) FAYVA : to favour, resemble, or look like; "fayva like" also means "it seems as if". (5) FE (FI) : the infinitive "to" as in "Have fe go" (7) : "a fe" Have to (28) "fe dem" their (28) FEEL NO WAY : don't take offense, don't be sorry, don't worry (1) FENKY-FENKY : (from finicky) choosy, proud, stuck-up. (5) FENNEH : v. to feel physical distress, pain. From Twi fene-to vomit; Fante fena-to be troubled; Lumba feno-to faint (7) FI (FE) : possessive. "fi me"-"mine" (7) Can also mean : "for" or "to", as in "I ha' fi", I have to. : Yu num fi du dat = You are not to do that. (12) Fe is Fi as in fi ar means hers fi im - his fi dem - theirs fi you - yours fi me - mine (29) FIESTY (FAASTI) : impudent, rude, out of order, cheeky. (5) FIRST LIGHT : tomorrow (1) (HIM A) FISH : a gay person (6) FIT : when used of fruits and vegetables, it means ready to pick, full grown, though not necessarily fully ripe. (5) also means in good shape. ("You haffe fit!") (31) FORWARD : 1. to go, move on, set out 2. in the future (1) FRONTA : tobacco leaf used to roll herb (1) FUCKERY : wrong, unfair (6) FULLNESS, TO THE FULLNESS : completely, absolutely, totally (1) FUNDS : Money (6) GAAN A BED : an adverbial phrase; following a verb of liking or loving, it has a superlative meaning; Can be used in any context, such as "I love hafu yam gaan to bed!". (5) means very much as in liking very much (29) GALANG : go along. (23) GANJA : herb, marijuana (1) GANSEY : t-shirt, any knit shirt (2) (TO) GET SALT : to be thwarted, to encounter misfortune (6) GATES : home, yard (1) GENERAL : cool operator (1) GI : give (28) GIG : spinning top. (5) GILL : unit of measure like pint. (42) GINNAL : n. trickster, con-man, an Amnancy figure as in "Sunday Ginnal"-a preacher or clergyman (7) GLAMITY : a woman's genitals (6) GORGON : outstanding dreadlocks (1) a dragon (29) (DON) GORGON : outstanding dreadlocks, a person who is respected (2,6) GRAVALICIOUS : greedy, avaricious. (5) GRINDSMAN : one who displays great prowess in bed(6) GROUNATION : large, island-wide meeting and celebration of Rastas (1) GROUND : home, yard (4) HACKLE : to hassle, bother, worry, trouble. As a noun, hackling. (5) HAFFI : to have to... (6) HAIL : a greeting (1) HARBOUR SHARK : "Mr. Want-All" glutton, greedy, someone who wants it all. (29) HARD : excellent, proficient, skillful, uncompromising (1) tough (29) HARD EARS : stubborn, doesn't listen (37) HEETCH : itch. Many such words could be listed under H, as initial H is added to scores of words at will. (5) HEAD MAN JANCRO : n. albino buzzard (7) HERB : marijuana (1) HIEZ-HAAD : ears-hard, thick skulled, stubborn, unwilling or unable to hear. (5) HIEZ : ears. (5) HIGGLERS : higglers, who are primarly woman who buy and sell goods that they have imported into the country. Some higglers, however, do not make trips out of the country to buy goods, but sell the goods that others import. The connection between higglers and dancehall culture is crucial as they form one of the strongest international links between JA, North America, and the Caribbean. (16) HITEY-TITEY : upper class, high tone, "stoosh". (5) someone who pretends to be better than they are (29) HOMELY : to be relaxed, comfortable, enjoying your home surrounding. (14) HOOD : penis. (5) HORTICAL (DON) : respected, acclaimed (6) HOT-STEPPER : fugitive from jail or gun court (1) I-DREN : (n.)- male Rastafarian (35) I-MAN : I, me, mine (1) I-NEY : a greeting (2) I-REY : 1. a greeting 2. excellent, cool, highest (1) I-SHENCE : herb (1) I-TAL : vital, organic, natural, wholesome; refers to way of cooking and way of life (1) in colors, red, green and gold (2) I : replaces "me", "you", "my"; replaces the first syllable of seleted words (1) I and I, I&I: I, me, you and me, we (1) Rastafari speech eliminates you, me we, they, etc., as divisive and replaces same with communal I and I. I and I embraces the congregation in unity with the Most I (high) in an endless circle of inity (unity). (3) IEZ-HAAD : ears-hard, thick skulled, stubborn, unwilling or unable to hear. (5) IEZ : ears. (5) ILIE : adj. literally, "highly", valuable, exalted, even sacred (7) IGNORANT : short-tempered, easy to vex, irate. (5) INNA DI MORROWS : tomorrow (6) INNA : In the (4) IRIE : A Greeting. excellent, cool, highest (1) : adj. powerful and pleasing (7) ISES/IZES/ISIS : praises (11) Praises to the almighty given by Rasta : when calling on the name of Jah for strength and : assistance for achieving progress in life. (30) ISMS and SKISMS : negative term denoting Babylon's classificatory systems (1) ITES : 1. the heights 2. a greeting 3. the color red (1) great (2) 4. another word for irie. Or you use it to mean "OK" as in when someone asks you to do something for you, you would reply, "Ites." (29) IWA : certain time or hour (43) JA, JAM-DOWN : Jamaica (1) JACKASS ROPE : homegrown tobacco, twisted into a rope. (5) JAH KNOW : Lord knows (1) JAH : God; possibly derived as a shortened form of Jahweh or Jehovah (1) Jah Ras Tafari, Haille Selassie, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, conquering Lion of Judah; rastas revere Haile Selassie as the personification of the Almighty (2) JAMDUNG : Jamaica, "Jam" to press down "dung" down. Ironic reference to social and economic conditions of the masses (7) JAMMIN : to be having a good time, to be dancing calypso/soca (6) JANCRO : n. literally John Crow, buzzard (7) JANGA : shrimp, crayfish. (5) JELLY : a young coconut, full of jelly. (5) JON CONNU : n. (John Canoe). Bands of elaborately masked dancers appearing around Christmas. They ressemble the ancestral dancers of West Africa, but the ety. of the word is unclear. (7) JOOK : to pierce or stick, as with a thorn or a long pointed stick. (5) also used in a sexual context (29) JOOKS : hangout, relax (29) JUDGIN' : adjective, everyday or ordinary clothes or shoes worn in the yard or in the bush, as in "judgin' boot". Also as a verb, to judge, with a similar meaning. (5) JUU : as a verb, rain a juu; as a noun, juu rain. It means a light rain or drizzle. (5) KALI; COOLY : marijuana (1) KALLALOO : a dark, green leafy vegetable, very nutritious and cheap. (5) KASS KASS : n. quarrel or contention. From combination of English curse or cuss, and Twi kasa kasa-to dispute verbally (7) KATA : a roll of cloth or vegetation placed on top of the head to cushion the skull from the weight of a head load. (5) KAYA : see ganja (4) KETCH UP : grapple (28) get in a fight (29) KETCHY-CHUBY : It can be a sexual term meaning the man throw it and the woman catch it! It can also mean a game - life's game, how to see through today to meet tomorrow and all the games of life as in "life is just a ketchy-chuby game." (29) KEMPS : a little bit, a tiny piece, from skimps. (5) KIN TEET : "skin teeth" to laugh at someone or give them a plastic smile, sometimes used derogatorily as in "A little kin-teet bwoy." (29) KISS ME NECK! : common exclamation of surprise. (5) KISS TEET : to kiss one's teeth or to suck one's teeth is to make the very common hissing noise of disappoval, dislike, vexation or disappointment. (5) KOUCHIE : bowl of a chalice or chillum pipe (1) KRENG-KRENG : an old-fashioned meat rack, hung up high over the fire to catch the smoke. (5) KUMINA : n. Ecstatic dance for the purpose of communicating with ancestors. From Twi akom-to be possessed and ana-by an ancestor (7) LABA-LABA : to chat, gab; gossip. (5) LABRISH : gossip, chit-chat. (5) LAGGA HEAD : Dumb acts as if you have no common sense. Stupid. : "yu dam Lagga head bud" (14) LAMBSBREAD : a form of high-quality marijuana (1) LARGE : respected (6) LET OFF : pay out (28) LEGGO BEAS' : wild, disorderly, like a let-go beast. (5) LICK : To hit (13) LICKY-LICKY : fawning, flattering, obsequious. (5) LIKKLE : little (29) LILLY BIT : little bit, tiny. (5) LION : a righteous Dread (1) a great soul (2) LIKKLE MORE : see you later (2) (TOO) LIKKY-LIKKY : title given to those who like to eat any food they encounter , without discretion (6) MAAMA MAN : a gay person, an effeminate man, a weakling (6) MAAS : n. from master or massa. Now freed from its class origin; a respectful form of address to an older man. (7) chill out, be by ones self for a while (24) MACCA : thorn, prickle. dangerous. (29) MACCA BACK : boney fish used to make fish soup (29) MADDA : mother (6) MAFIA : big-time criminals (1) MAGA DOG : mongrel (4) MAGA : thin (2) (from meagre) (5) MAMPI : Fat or overweight (13) MANACLES : chains (11) MANNERS : under heavy discipline or punishment. for example when Kingston is under "heavy manners", they have a curfew or call out the army. (10) MARINA : a man's undershirt, guernsey; a tank-top style. (5) MAROON : n. free black warrior-communities which successfully resisted British hegemony during eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. From Spanish cimmaron- untamed, wild (7) MASCOT : denoting inferior status (2) MASH IT UP : a huge success (1) MASH UP, MASH DOWN : destroy (1) MASSIVE : respected (6), used with LARGE to add emphasis MATEY : mistress (12) MEK WE : Let Us. (4) MENELIK, RAS : n. Ethiopian nobleman who rallied his troops to resist Italian aggression. Defeated Italians at Adowa 1896 (7) MONKS : amongst. (5) MORE TIME : see you later (1) MR. MENTION : Talk of the town, originally talk of the females signifying someone with many female conquests MR. T : the boss (2) MUS MUS : a rat (4) MY BABY MOTHER /FATHER : the mother/father of my child (1,6) MYAL : n. a form of benign magic oposed to Obeah, hence myalman. From Hursa maye-wizard, person of mystic power. (7) NAGAH : n. pejorative for a black person (7) NAGO : n. Yoruba person, practice or language. From Ewe anago-Yoruba person (7) NAH : adv. will not. Emphatic as in "Me nah do that" (7) NANA : midwife; nanny or nurse. (5) NANNY GOAT : "What sweet nanny goat a go run him belly" is a cautionary Jamaican proverb which translated means: What tastes good to a goat will ruin his belly. In other words - the things that seem good to you now, can hurt you later... (10) NASH : female genatalia (6) NATTY, NATTY DREAD, NATTY CONGO : 1. dreadlocks 2. a person with dreadlocks (1) NAZARITE : Ancient Hebrew meaning to "separate", consecrated, set apart by choice and devotion (1) NICE UP: to promote and foster a positive feeling. to "nice up the dance" means to get the party going (50) NIYABINGHI : 1. "death to all black and white oppressors" 2. East African warriors who resisted colonial domination 3. large Rastafarian meeting and spiritual gathering 4. referring to orthodox, traditional Rastas 5. a variety of drumming (1) NIYAMEN : name for Rastas referring to Niyabinghi warriors of East Africa (1) NO CYA : no matter, as in "no kya weh im tun", no matter where he turns. (5) NOTCH : Don or top ranking badman (33) NUH : interrogative at end of sentence; literally, "Is it not so?" (7) NUH NUTTIN : not a big deal (17) NUH TRUE? : isn't it so? (1) NYAM : to eat. (5) (TOO) NYAMI-NYAMI : title given to those who like to eat any food they encounter, without discretion (6) NYING'I-NYING'I : nagging, whining. (5) O-DOKONO : boiled maize bread. (5) OBEAH : traditional African "science", relating to matters of the spirit and spirits, spells, divinations, omens, extra-sensory knowledge, etc. (5) OHT FI : about to, on the vergeof, as in "it hoht fi rain", it is about to rain, it looks like rain. (5) ONE DROP : A popular type of rhythm pattern used on countless reggae records (46) ONE LOVE : a parting phrase, expression of unity (1) ONE-ONE : adjective, one by one, thus any small amount. (5) ONGLE : only. (5) PAKI : calabash, gourd. (5) PAPAA : pawpaw, or papaya melon. (5) PATTAN : pattern, style and fashion (39) PATU : owl. (5) PAYAKA : heathen (11) craven, want it all (29) PYAKA : tricky or dishonest. (10) PEEL-HEAD : bald-headed, usually certain chickens or vultures. (5) PEENYWALLY : a kind of large fire fly, actually a type of flying beetle. (5) PEER : avocado pear. (5) PHENSIC : JA equivalent to Tylenol, Excedrin, etc. (26) PICKY, PICKY HEAD : brush haircut (3) PICKY-PICKY : 1. finicky or choosy 2. Used of uncombed hair just starting to turn into dreadlocks. (5) PIKNY : pickaninny, child. (5) PINDA : peanut. (5) PIRA : a low wooden stool. (5) PITY-ME-LIKL : a type of very tiny red ant whose bite is so hot and long-lasting it resembles a sting. (5) POCOMANIA, POCO : christian revival, distinct drum rhythm (2) POLYTRICKS : politics (by Peter Tosh) (6) POLYTRICKSTERS : politicians (by Peter Tosh) (6) POPPY-SHOW : from puppet show, it is used in the idiom, tek smadi mek poppy-show, which means to make fun of someone or shame them, making them look ridiculous. (5) PUM-PUM : a woman's genitals (6) PUNAANI or PUNNI : a woman's genitals (6) PUPPALICK : somersalt. (5) PUSSY CLOT : A curse word ref. to a woman's sanitary napkin. (14) PUTTIN' AWAY : a preposition, meaning "except for", or "except". (5) PYAA-PYAA : sickly, weak; feeble, of no account. (5) PYU : from spew; verb used of running sores or anything similarly dripping or oozing. (5) QUASHIE : n. peasant, country bumpkin, coarse and stupid person; racial pejorative generic term for blacks; originally Twi name of a boy born on a Sunday (7) QUIPS : 1. nouns (from squips) a tiny piece or amount. 2. verb, the Jamaican art of washing clothes making a "squips-squips" sound. (5) RAATID! : a common mild expletive of surprise or vexation, as in "to raatid!". It is likely a polite permutation of "ras", a la "gosh" or "heck". (5) RAGGA : A style of reggae that uses digital rhythms exclusively. A term sometimes used interchangably with dancehall, since the latter music has become heavily digitized as well. (46) RAGGAMUFFIN : jamaican ghetto dweller (46) RAM : full up (28) RAM GOAT : slang for someone who deals with nuff ladies (17) RANKING : highly respected (1) RAS or RASS : backside, rump; a common curse is to rass! or rass clot! a title used by Rastafarians meaning "lord" or "head" . (5) (TO) RAAS : "really?", "damn!"(6) RASTA, RASTAFARIAN : a follower of Marcus Garvey who worships the Almighty in the person of haile Selassie RAT-BAT : bat, the night-flying rodent. (5) RATCHET : a switchblade knife popular in Jamaica (1) RED : 1. very high on herb 2. mulatto color (1) RED EYE : to want another persons belonging, envious. "You too red eye", : meaning, you're too envious. (14) RAHTID : expression of surprise, or to be enraged. From biblical"wrothed" (7) RENK : 1. foul-smelling, raw-smelling. 2. out of order, impudent, as in a rank-imposter. "Yu too renk!". (5) fiesty (29) RHAATID : a curse-exclamation, similar to "what the hell" (6) : To rahtid ---> Exclamination!!, i.e Wow! a milder form : to Rass...excitement!! (40) RHYGIN : adj. spirited, vigorous, lively, passionate with great vitality and force; also sexually provocative and aggressive. Probably a form of English raging. (7) RIZZLA : brand of rolling paper. (3) ROCKERS : reggae music (1) reggae music as it is played today, the latest sound (2) ROOTS : 1. derived from the experience of the common people, natural indigenous 2. a greeting 3. name for a fellow Rasta (1) ROTI : flat Indian pan breads. (5) ROYAL, (RIAL) : n. offspring of some other race and black, ass in "Chiney-Rial," "coolie-rial"; humorous as in "monkey-rial" (7) RUDE BOY : a criminal, a hard hearted person, a tough guy (6) RUN-DUNG : food cooked in coconut juice, obtained after grating the dry coconut meat and squeezing it in water, thus extracting the coconut cream. (5) RUNNING BELLY : diarrhea (12) RYAL : royal. (5) SAL'TING : 1. dishes cooked with saltfish or meat. 2. that part of the meal which is served with the "food" (starchy food, ground food). 3. by some strange extension, the female organ, often simply called "sal". (5) the food that goes with the rice, potatoes or starchy food; like calalloo, fish and sauce, sauces or gravy (29) SALT : adjective, broke, empty-handed, low on funds or food, as in "tings salt" or "i' salt". (5) SAMBO : the colour between brown and black; someone who is a cross between a mullatto (brown) and a black. (5) SAMFAI MAN : trickster, conman. (5) SHAMPATA : n. sandal of wood or tire rubber. Span. zapato (7) SANFI : A manipulator - dishonest person. A person that will sweet talk you : out of love and money. "Dam Sanfi Bitch". (14) SANKEY : n. religious song of a paticularly lugubrious tone, sung in the long or common meter. From Ira David Sankey, evangelist and hymnalist (7) SATA : to rejoice, to meditate, to give thanks and praise. (5) SATTA : sit, rest, meditate (1) relax (6) (GO) SATTA : claim how spiritual you are (11) SCIENCE : obeah, witchcraft (1) SCIENTIST : occult practitioner (2) SCOUT : denoting inferior status (6) SCREECHIE : to sneak by (6) SCREW : to scowl, to be angry (1) SEEN : I understand, I agree (1) SEEN? : Do you understand? (6) SHAG : home-cured tobacco, straight from the field. (5) SHAKE OUT : leave without haste, casually (2) SHEG (UP) : verb, to bother, as in "all sheg up", all hot and bothered, or or spoiled up (as of work). (5) SHEG-UP : to be messed up, ruined (6) SHEPHERD : n. leader of revivalist cult; also proprietor of balmyard, healer and prophet (7) SHOOB : to shove. (5) SIDUNG : sit down (6) SIGHT? : do you understand? (1) SINKL-BIBLE : the aloevera plant. (5) SINSEMILLA, SENSIE : popular, potent, seedless, unpollinated female strain of marijuana (1) SINTING : something. (5) SIPPLE : slippery; slimy. (5) SISTER, SISTREN : a woman, a friend, woman Rastafarians (1) SITTIN' : something. (5) SKANK : to dance to reggae music (1) to move with cunning, ulterior motives (2) SKIL : kiln, as in "limeskil". (5) SKIN : rolling paper (1) SKIN YOUR TEETH : smile (1) plastic smile (29) SLABBA-SLABBA : big and fat, slobby, droopy. (5) SLACKNESS : lewd, vulgar lyrics popular in DJ singing (4) SLACKY TIDY : unkept or messy (29) SMADI : somebody. (5) SO-SO : only, solely, unaccompanied. (5) weak, pallid (6) SOFT : not well done, amateurish; unable to cope (1) broke, no money (2) SOUNDBWOY : usually a derogatory way to refer to the selecter or : other personality in another sound system. This term is : most often employed in clashes, on dub plates built for : clashes, and so on. Sometimes it is not used in such a : negative manner, but most of the time one refers to the : someone in the crew as a soundman, not a boy. (17) SOUND SYSTEM : Huge mobile stereo setups manned by DJs, who became celebrities as they traveled Jamaica to host open-air dances (46) SPLIFF : large, cone-shaped marijuana cigarette (1) SPRING : to sprout, as of yams or cocos, making them inedible. (5) STAR : common term of affection, camaraderie (1) STEP : to leave, to depart (1) briskly, quickly (2) STOOSH/STOSHUS : upper class, high tone, "hitey-titey". (5) STRING UP : a muscial rehearsal (2) STRUCTURE : body, health (1) SU-SU : gossip, the sound of wispering. (5) SUFFERER : a poor person stuggling to survive (2) SUPM, SINTING : something (6) TACK : bullet (2) TACUMAH : n. character in Anancy tales. Said to be the son of Anancy. Twin'ticuma (7) TAKARI/TANKARI : stewed spicy pumpkin. (5) TALL : long (1) TALLOWAH : adj. sturdy, strong, fearless, physically capable. From Ewe talala (7) TAM : deep woolen hat, used by Dreads to cover their locks (1,6) TAMBRAN SWITCH : n. a flail made from the wiry branches of the Tamarind tree, braided and oiled. Effective and much feared in the hands of Babylon. (7) TAN' : to stand; usually used in the sense of "to be". "A so im tan", "that is what he is like"; "tan deh!" or "yu tan deh!" means "just you wait!". "Tan tedy", stand steady, means "hold still". (5) TARRA-WARRA : a polite way of expressing omitted bad words, a verbal asterisk. (5) TATA : n. father. Affectionate and respectful title for an old man. Fram many african languages. Ewe, Ge, N'gombe (7) TATU : a little thatched hut, often made of bamboo. (5) TEETH : bullets (2) TEIF : a theif, to steal (6) THE I

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