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The suns were the ten children of Di Jun, the god of the eastern sky. Each morning one of the suns would rise, climb into a chariot pulled by a dragon, and ride across the sky bringing light to the different parts of the world. In this way the earth got the right amount of sunshine, at the different seasons of the year. But the ten suns grew bored. They wanted to work together and, one day, they woke early and rode across the sky together in their chariots. The Earth hated it. It burnt. It cracked. The rivers ran dry. Animals and people grew weak with the heat. But the ten suns were enjoying themselves and would not listen to those who asked them to stop. They laughed and carried on riding around the sky. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Eskimo "Snow" Words__ Much has been written about the large number of Inuit words for snow. I have read similar claims for Arabic and sand. I am neither an Inuit speaker nor a trained linguist. I am a computer programmer by trade. A year or so ago I wanted to extract sub-strings from words. For example, 'word' yields [w,o,r,d,wo,or,rd,wor,ord]. Co-incidentally, on the Internet, in the sci.lang newsgroup, in September 1994 there had been a discussion about Eskimo "snow" words. Then by chance, in a second-hand book shop I found a copy of "Eskimo Stories" by Zebedee Nungak and Eugene Arima, published by The National Museums of Canada in 1969. It is a collection of some 46 short stories from Inuit folklore, derived from the town of Povungnituk on the east coast of Hudson Bay. The stories are presented as parallel texts with the Inuit text being accompanied by an English translation, both in Latin letters, but with the Inuit text in lower-case letters and the English translation in mixed upper-case and lower-case letters. Using Wordstar ver.4, I typed in five stories using the Inuit version of each story. The resulting text amounted to 516 Inuit words. Then, using Wordstar's indexing facility, I extracted a list of all the words in the stories together with an indication of the frequency of occurrence for each word. The following table gives a summary of the results. cumulative Frequency of number percent percent occurrence of words of total of total 1 479 92.8 92.8 2 24 4.7 97.5 3 6 1.2 98.7 4 1 0.2 98.9 5 1 0.2 99.1 6 2 0.4 99.5 7 1 0.2 99.7 8 1 0.2 99.9 9 1 0.2 100.1 ----- ------ ------ ------ 516 100.1 (slight error due to rounding) ------ ------ The average word length was 14.8 characters. Inuit is an agglutinative language; words are made up of stems and roots joined together into what appear to be single words. Each Inuit word appears to function as a phrase or short sentence. While I have not investigated Inuit snow words as such, the results in the table above suggested to me that Inuit has a different word for almost everything. Nearly 93% of the words in the stories were only used once and words which occurred no more than twice accounted for 97.5% of the text! An Inuit word appears to contain far more information than an English word. Perhaps the final word (no pun intended) on Eskimo snow words will come from a specialist in information theory. References: ----------- You will find "snow" references in The Linguist List 5.1246, 5.1252, 5.1244, 5.1259. The best contribution in the debate on "Eskimo snow words" was that of Keith Denning who had not only looked in an Inuit dictionary but was able to report and explain in good prose. At http://www.urbanlegends.com/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html you will find a detailed discussion of Inuit 'snow words' by Stuart Derby (sderby@crick.ssctr.bcm.tmc.edu), 1994. The author lists, with translations, 'snow words' from Labradoran Inuit (10 words) and from West Greenlandic (49 words). A downloadable TrueType font for Inuit/Inuktitut (Mac and Windows formats) may be found at the University of Oregon Yamada Language Centre: http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/fonts/inuit.html. The zipped files include a commentary by K. Srinivasan (srini@ireq-num.hydro.qc.ca dated 1 August 1993. Inuit dictionaries and lists of words: http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm?submit=Inupiaq+On-line+Dictionary http://www.inuitdog.de/inhalte/store/texte/dictionary.html http://tafkac.org/language/eskimo_words_for_snow_derby.html ------------------------------------------------------------------ Here is an alphabetical list of all the sub-strings in the Inuit word "unikkaatuat" (Eskimo stories): a i ka kkaatu nikkaatu un aa ik kaa kkaatua nikkaatua uni aat ikk kaat kkaatuat nikkaatuat unik aatu ikka kaatu n t unikk aatua ikkaa kaatua ni tu unikka aatuat ikkaat kaatuat nik tua unikkaa at ikkaatu kk nikk tuat unikkaat atu ikkaatua kka nikka u unikkaatu atua ikkaatuat kkaa nikkaa ua unikkaatua atuat k kkaat nikkaat uat unikkaatuat -------------------------------------------------------------- Here is the list of words derived from the five Eskimo stories. Aggaminik Ailirngniquq Aippanga Aiviup Akianuuqpuq Akiasiliqquq Akillinut Akuni Akunialuk Alakkatumik Alimaivuq Alittuqattaliqquuk Amaaqtaminik Amaatsianiqsaulirngmat Amutuinnasugu Anaqraalumminut Angiluaqtumik Anginiqsait Anginiqsanik Angiyumik Angummik Angutipaaluuyurinnimaguuq Angutyuamik Anguyauvilirami Anigami Anigialirngniquq Anilirngniquq Aniluni Aniqsailangaaliqquq Aniqsailingaaqsuni Anirngniqangimat Anirngniqanituuyaqtumik Anirngniqarasuarani Anirngniqarngmangaat Anirngniqatyangittukanna Anirngnisiuqattasuni Anitsiarisitsugu Anivingiqqauyanganut Anngutivallialirngniquq Anqrasilirngniquq Anurilirngmat Apaagik Aqaquyayuq Aqqusiniqaalutsasutik Aqsauyayumik Aqsauyayuq Aqsauyayurli Aqsauyayuup Aqsurulirngmata Aqsurungiumik Aqsuruqattamat Aqsuruqattatuq Aqsururanitaatsutuna Aqsururngnisautsuni Arngaaluq Arngasiagummat Arngautuinnamut Arngnaalu Arngnaalunga Arngnaalunganik Arngnaaluq Arngnaapiguna Arngnaapimmik Arngnaruna Asianut Asuila Asuilaa Ataani Ataataak Atiginga Atilik Atiqargnimiyuq Atsualuk Atsunaamut Atyiqaliqquq Ikaaqtait Ikingitigut Ilaanit Illiminut Illulik Illumita Illunganut Illungataguuq Illuqaqpatuviniit Illuqarngniramik Iluani Iluunnaani Imaaguug Imaak Imiliqquq Imiqsugu Imisivuq Immaqaa Immaqaataga Immiuyiluaqsunili Imuk Inuguuq Inuit Inuk Inullu Inummik Inummit Inummut Inunnguaq Inunnik Inunnut Inuppalu Inuppamik Inuppaq Inuqarngniuyatyangimali Inuqqap Inutsiutuq Inutuinnamit Inutuusugumataguuq Inuugaluaqsutik Inuummiyugaluarngnilli Inuuqatiminut Inuusirinnisaummangaat Inuusirngminiuqquutuq Inuutsutik Inuuvivinigalagik Ipilirngniramiguuq Iqaluggilaq Iqalut Iqaluuyaliqquq Iqaluuyaqquq Iqravimminik Iqsinaqtunik Iqsinaqtuq Iqsinaqtuugami Iqsinarami Iqsinarngmata Isiriaqtumut Isuagut Isumaliqquq Isumalirami Isumataaqpuq Itikallatuinnaquq Itiqsigiaqturumaliqquq Itiqsilirngniquq Itiqsimalirami Itiqsivinga Itiqsugu Iyimi Kaagami Kamangunnaiquk Kataalungaguuq Katammiitumik Katammiqataminik Katanganiitsuni Katanganut Katattailitsisuni Kinguningagut Kinguningani Kisiani Kiuliqquq Kiuqattarunnaimat Kiuyauliqquq Kukkiliqtutuq Kuuliqquq Laqattaliqtuviniq Layauqqattalirami Maqaittunik Maqsisuuviniq Mirnguturami Naalaliqquq Naammanaagaqsuni Naanga Naangmigut Nakunaariniquq Nallapuq Nallia Nalulirami Nammagumatsuga Nammasugu Nammataulirami Nammatautsuni Nammiuliqqaa Namunganiarngniminik Namutuinnaq Nanuraak Nanurngmiguuq Nappasugu Naqittulirngmat Niaquanganik Nipakkaivammat Nipakkaivannimata Nipakkaivattuq Nirumiarluni Nirutuuguningani Nittayummarialuuk Nuiliq Nuilirlu Nuitavuq Nukingit Nukiqangilaq Nulianga Nunamit Nunaup Nunguliruq Nunguutsigasuaqsuni Nuqiqattaliqquq Nuqiqattamat Nuqqakami Nuqqaliqquq Nuqqaliramik Nuqqasutik Paaliramik Paaliutyigumaliqquq Paaqattasutillu Paaqqaaliutyilauqtuviniq Paqqaaniquq Piaraalungik Pigiarngniquuk Piiqsilirami Piiriallanaguli Pikiaqattamata Piliramik Pinasuagauvalirngnimiyuq Pinasuagauyuviniq Pinasuaqvinigik Pinasuutinirngmanik Pinngisiqtusuni Piqraitillugu Pisusigami Pisusigivuq Pisutsuni Pitiqattautilauqtuviniik Pitisimayiminik Pititsiqarami Pityutigitsugutsainaq Piulinagaqtaqaqsunilu Piuluarngmat Piyariigmat Piyariiramik Piyunnamangaat Qaaqsuni Qaarami Qaiqtumi Qaiqtumik Qaningitumik Qaningitumiuna Qanittumi Qanuinniamangaat Qanukiaq Qanurlimannaa Qaqqaalummut Qaqyuminik Qaqyumununa Qarligik Qauyimalirami Qauyimangitunut Qayangminik Qayaup Qiituq Qiiturlu Qikaliqquq Qikatuinnalirngniquq Qimaaliqquq Qiningisiqtusuni Qininrami Qiniqattarami Qiniqturuna Qinisilirngniquq Qinisivuq Qitiqsiminut Qitiqsimiqattasutillu Qitiqsinga Qitiqsinganit Qitungaalumminut Qiviaqattarami Qiyuttarialirngniquq Qiyuttarutaugiamik Qiyuttarutigitsugu Quanguyaaqtuq Quanguyaarasuaqsuni Quanguyaarasuaqtuq Qupigayaqpuq Saakiluusi Saakiluusimik Saakittuugami Saakittuumat Sakkuqattasugit Sakkusimatt Sanasimangimat Sanasimayayuq Saniani Sanimini Sauminganilluunniit Sayulirngniquq Sikkiliqtilugu Sikkituinnaliqquq Siniliqtuq Sinisilirngniquq Siqiniq Siqiniup Sirlaapik Siuriaqpuq Sivullipaami Sivulliviniit Sugiaq Sukkattumik Suli Suliyuq Sunatuinnamut Sunaupva Sunautsagunnainiqquq Sunautsarunnairami Sunngilak Suqqaqangituq Suqqayangituq Suqquisigasuaqsuni Suunguniqsausarayangimangaat Suunguyuviniruna Taana Taanna Taannatauq Taatsuminga Taga Tagali Tagataga Taikunga Taimaak Taimaataga Taimailuurluni Taimainnimaniik Taimaippamat Taimangat Tainna Tainnaliaqsauyayuq Taitsuminga Takulaurani Takuliqquq Takulirami Takuliramiuk Takulirngniquq Takungilaq Takunnaapigasuaqattaliqquq Takunnaavallutut Takuqattatuq Takuvukinuppamik Tamaani Tappaunga Taqagayaqtuq Taqaiqsiqattatuq Taqaliqtuq Taqqamani Taqqilimaami Tatsigunnaimat Tatsikamiuk Tatsilikkaivuq Tatsilirngmat Tatsinga Tatsisungusilirngniquq Tatsitualuuliqquq Tauqsiitatuinnasutik Tiguliqqa Tiguliqqaa Tigumiaqsuni Tigusigasualirngniquq Tigusiqattaliqquq Tigusiqattalunga Tikiliqquq Tikilirngmat Tikimmat Tikinayarngmangarngmik Tikiutinniyangituq Tikiutiyuviniugaluaq Tikiutyiyuviniq Tiqqiaqaqsuni Tittaulirngniquq Tulliraaqtuq Tuniq Tunirli Tunirngmut Tuniugamik Tuniup Tuniusutik Tupviuvuq Tuqungagami Tuqungayuq Tuqungualunga Tuqunguapuq Tuquraivannimata Tuqutaulangaliqqunga Tuqutsigiaqtusuni Tuqutuinnaniarngmisuni Tuqutuinnaniquq Tusaumagami Tusaumanaqquq Tuuniik Tuurnngait Tuurnngaq Tuurnngauniraivannimata Tuurnngauniraqtauyut Uatimut Uipuuk Ulimailirngniquq Ulimallugu Ulimaummik Ulimautialunganik Ullaaruqtasutik Ullasilirngniquq Ullutamaat Umigiutityagatik Unammigiliqqaa Unammigiyaminik Unammigiyaulilaurngmiyuq Unamminangimat Unikkaaguvuq Unikkaangittara Unikkaatuaq Unniinuna Uppikakasaaqattaturuuq Uppikakasaaqattuq Uqaliqpuuk Uqaliquq Uqausiqtanga Uqautiyaugaluarami Uqautiyauvuq Uqautyiqattatuviniq Uqpinik Uqpitiguuqattatuq Uqpitiguuqattatuuquqpinik Uqrukasatsuni Utaqqigiaqtusuni Utaqqiliqquq Utiqqaungillaq Utirunnnatuq Utirutyisituinnaliqquli Utirutyisivuq Uulli Uumayumik Uumigiutityagatik Uutulirngniriuuk Uutuniarngmat Uutuquyiliqquq Uutusigivuq Uutuutituinnasutik Uutuutivannimata -----------------------------------------------------------< Even their father, Di Jun, had no influence over them. To save the world he sent for the Divine Archer and gave him a magic bow ... The Archer flew on the wind, down to the highest mountain he could see. He had nine arrows in his quiver and, one by one, he shot an arrow at each of the suns. As each arrow struck, the sun exploded and turned into a bird. By the end of the day, only one sun remained. Next day he rose again and his sad tears filled the rivers and made the plants grow again. And that is the sun we see today. Earthmaker began to think about what he should do and in the end he began to cry, tears flowing from his eyes and falling down to where they became bright objects, seas formed from his tears. Earthmaker thought, 'Anything I wish will happen just as I wish it'. He wished for light - it happened. He wished for earth and earth was formed. Speaking for the first time, he said 'I shall make a being like myself' and he took some earth and made it just like himself. He spoke to the creature, but it gave no answer. He looked closely, saw it had no mind and made a mind for it. But when he spoke to it, still it did not answer. He made it a tongue and spoke to it, but still it did not answer. He saw it had no soul, so he made it a soul, and talked to it ... and it very nearly said something, but failed to make itself understood. So Earthmaker breathed into its mouth and spoke to it ... and it answered. When the earth was new-born, it was plain and without any features or life. Waking time and sleeping time were the same. There were only hollows on the surface of the Earth which, one day, would become waterholes. Around the waterholes were the ingredients of life. Underneath the crust of the earth were the stars and the sky, the sun and the moon, as well as all the forms of life, all sleeping. The tiniest details of life were present yet dormant: the head feathers of a cockatoo, the thump of a kangaroo's tail, the gleam of an insect's wing. A time came when time itself split apart, and sleeping time separated from waking time. This moment was called the Dreamtime. At this moment everything started to burst into life. The sun rose through the surface of the Earth and shone warm rays onto the hollows which became waterholes. Under each waterhole lay an Ancestor, an ancient man or woman who had been asleep through the ages. The sun filled the bodies of each Ancestor with light and life, and the Ancestors began to give birth to children. Their children were all the living things of the world, from the tiniest grub wriggling on a eucalyptus leaf to the broadest-singed eagle soaring in the blue sky. Rising from the waterholes, the Ancestors stood up with mud falling from their bodies. As the mud slipped away, the sun opened their eyelids and they saw the creatures they had made from their own bodies. Each Ancestor gazed at his creation in pride and wonderment. Each Ancestor sang out with joy: "I am!". One Ancestor sang "I am kangaroo!" Another sang "I am Cockatoo!" The next sang "I am Honey-Ant!" and the next sang "I am Lizard!" As they sang, naming their own creations, they began to walk. Their footsteps and their music became one, calling all living things into being and weaving them into life with song. The ancestors sang their way all around the world. They sang the rivers to the valleys and the sand into dunes, the trees into leaf and the mountains to rise above the plain. As they walked they left a trail of music. Then they were exhausted. They had shown all living things how to live, and they returned into the Earth itself to sleep. And, in honour of their Ancestors, the Aborigines still go Walkabout, retracing the steps and singing the songs that tell the story of life. At the beginning of the world there were giants. They lived on the land and ate the fruits of the land. One year, as the days began to get shorter and colder, a baby girl was born to two of the giants. They named her Sedna. Day by day, as the sun became weaker and smaller, Sedna grew stronger and bigger. She grew and grew very quickly until, in no time at all, she was huge. Soon she was bigger than her giant parents. The bigger she got the more she ate and the more she needed to eat, but there were not enough plants on the land to satisfy her hunger. One night, ravenously hungry, she began to gnaw her parents legs. ‘Owww!’ they cried, ‘that's enough of that.’ With a great struggle they bundled Sedna up in a blanket and carried her to their canoe. It was dark but they paddled out to sea in the light of a hazy moon. When they reached the middle of the ocean, they pushed Sedna overboard into the icy waters. And that, they thought, was that. They started to paddle back towards the land, shivering for the cold and also for shame at what they had done to their own daughter. Yet before they had gone far, the canoe stopped - no matter how fast they paddled, the canoe would not move forward. To their horror they saw two hands, Sedna's hands, reaching out of the water to grip the canoe and then to rock it from side to side. The giants felt the boat shaking. Soon they would be tossed into the ocean they would surely drown, unless they did something quickly. Simply to save themselves, they pulled out sharp knives and chopped off Sedna's fingers. One by one the fingers splashed into the sea and, as they sank, they changed into swimming creatures. One became a whale, one a seal, another a walrus, another a salmon. The fingers changed into all the creatures of the seas. As for Sedna, she drifted through new shoals of fish to the bottom off the ocean. There the fishes built her an underwater tent. Above her, the cold waters formed a crust of ice and sealed Sedna in her wintry, watery world. She still lives there, and whenever the Inuit are short of food, they call on Sedna and she provides it, even in the depths of winter.

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